Clinical neurological semiology. A practical guide to neurological examination and clinical disorders

CUPRINS Abbreviations Clinical neurological semiology Motor function Muscle tone Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome (UMNS) Abdominal Cutaneous Reflexes Pathological reflexes Lower motor neuron syndrome (LMNS) Deep tendon reflexes The cerebellum and other ataxic syndromes Cerebellar ataxia Sensory examination Cranial nerves (CNs) Diplopia Foville Syndromes - Voluntary horizontal gaze palsies Vertical Gaze Palsy – Parinaud Syndrome Combined Oculomotor Syndromes Claude Bernard–Horner Syndrome (Horner Syndrome) Associated Lower Cranial Nerve (Bulbar) Syndromes Mental status Coma Decorticate posturing / rigidity Doll’s eye reflex (oculocephalic reflex) Caloric stimulation testing Glasgow Coma Scale Minor cognitive decline (MCI) Involuntary movements Gait Meningeal signs The meningeal syndrome Encephalitic syndromes Demyelinating Diseases Multiple Sclerosis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) Movement Disorders Neuromuscular Junction Disorders – Myasthenia Gravis Acute Inflammatory Polyradiculoneuropathy (Guillain–Barré Syndrome) Increased Intracranial Pressure and Herniation Syndromes Cluster Headache Bibliography.